From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Twilight is a series of four
vampire-themed fantasy romance novels by American author
Stephenie Meyer. It charts a period in the life of
Isabella "Bella" Swan, a teenage girl who moves to
Forks, Washington, and falls in love with a 104-year-old vampire named
Edward Cullen. The series is told primarily from Bella's point of view, with the epilogue of
Eclipse and Part II of
Breaking Dawn being told from the viewpoint of character
Jacob Black, a
werewolf. The unpublished
Midnight Sun is a retelling of the first book,
Twilight, from Edward Cullen's point of view. The novella
The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner, which tells the story of a newborn vampire who appeared in
Eclipse, was published on June 5, 2010 as a hardcover book and on June 7 as a free online ebook.
[1] The Twilight Saga: The Official Illustrated Guide, a definitive encyclopedic reference with nearly 100 full colour illustrations, was released in bookstores on April 12, 2011.
[2]
Since the release of the first novel,
Twilight, in 2005, the books have gained immense popularity and commercial success around the world. The series is most popular among
young adults; the four books have won multiple awards, most notably the 2008
British Book Award for "Children's Book of the Year" for
Breaking Dawn,
[3] while the series as a whole won the
2009 Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Book.
[4]
As of October 2010, the series has sold over 116 million copies worldwide
[5] with translations into at least 38 different languages around the globe.
[6][7] The four
Twilight books have consecutively set records as the biggest selling novels of 2008 on the
USA Today Best-Selling Books list
[8] and have spent over 235 weeks on the
New York Times Best Seller list for Children's Series Books.
[9]
Thus far, the first three books have been made into a series of motion pictures by
Summit Entertainment; the film adaptation of
Twilight was released in 2008 and the second,
The Twilight Saga: New Moon, was released on November 20, 2009.
[10] The third film,
The Twilight Saga: Eclipse, was released June 30, 2010.
Plot overview
Twilight
Bella Swan moves from
Phoenix, Arizona to live with her father in
Forks, Washington to allow her mother to travel with her new husband, a minor league
baseball player. After moving to Forks, Bella finds herself involuntarily drawn to a mysterious, handsome boy,
Edward Cullen. She eventually learns that he is a member of a vampire family who drinks animal blood rather than human blood. Edward and Bella fall in love, but James, a sadistic vampire from another vampire coven, is drawn to hunt down Bella. Edward and the other Cullens defend Bella. She escapes to
Phoenix, Arizona, where she is tricked into confronting James, who tries to kill her. She is seriously wounded, but Edward rescues her and they return to Forks, having killed James.
New Moon
Edward and his family leave Forks because he believes he is endangering Bella's life. Bella falls into a deep depression, until she develops a strong friendship with
Jacob Black, who she discovers can shape-shift into a wolf. Jacob and the other wolves in his tribe must protect her from Victoria, a vampire seeking to avenge the death of her mate James, by killing Bella. A misunderstanding occurs, and Edward believes Bella is dead. Edward decides to commit suicide in
Volterra,
Italy, but he is stopped by Bella, who is accompanied by Edward's sister, Alice. They meet with the
Volturi, a powerful vampire coven, and are released only on the condition that Bella be turned into a vampire in the near future. Bella and Edward are reunited, and she and the Cullens return to Forks.
Eclipse
The vampire Victoria (James' mate from
Twilight) has created an army of "newborn" vampires to battle the Cullen family and murder Bella for revenge. Meanwhile, Bella is compelled to choose between her relationship with Edward and her friendship with Jacob. Edward's vampire family and Jacob's werewolf pack join forces to successfully destroy Victoria and her vampire army. In the end, Bella chooses Edward's love over Jacob's and agrees to marry him.
Breaking Dawn
Main article:
Breaking DawnBella and Edward are married, but their
honeymoon is cut short when Bella discovers that she is pregnant. Her pregnancy progresses rapidly, severely weakening her. She nearly dies giving birth to her and Edward's half-vampire-half-human daughter,
Renesmee, but Edward injects Bella with his venom to save her life and turns her into a vampire. A vampire from another coven sees Renesmee and mistakes her for an "immortal child". She informs the
Volturi, as the existence of such beings violates vampire law. The Cullens gather vampire witnesses who can verify that Renesmee is not an immortal child. After an intense confrontation, the Cullens and their witnesses convince the Volturi that the child poses no danger to vampires or their secret, and they are left in peace by the Volturi.
Main characters
- Isabella "Bella" Swan – The protagonist of the series, teenager Bella is a perpetually clumsy "danger magnet" with dark brown hair and brown eyes. She is often portrayed as having low self-esteem and unable to comprehend Edward's love for her. She has an immunity to supernatural abilities involving the mind, such as Edward's mind-reading ability. After her transformation into a vampire in the saga's fourth installment, Bella acquires the ability to shield both herself and others from "mental harm" from other vampires.
- Edward Cullen – Edward is a vampire who lives with a coven of like-minded vampires known as the Cullen family, who feed on animals rather than humans. Over the course of the Twilight series, Edward falls in love with, marries, and then has a child with Bella. At first, Edward feels a mutual hatred toward Jacob Black because of his love for Bella, but in Breaking Dawn, he comes to see Jacob as a brother and friend. Like some vampires, Edward has a supernatural ability: mind reading. It allows him to read anyone's thoughts within a few miles radius. Bella is immune to his power as a human, but learns how to lower this "shield" after her transformation to a vampire.
- Jacob Black – A minor character in the first novel, Jacob is introduced as a member of the Quileute tribe. He resurfaces in New Moon with a much larger role as Bella's best friend as she struggles through her depression over losing Edward. Although he is in love with Bella, she initially sees him as just her best friend. He and other tribe members can shape shift into wolves. In Eclipse Bella realizes that she loves Jacob, though her feelings for him are overpowered by her love for Edward Cullen. In Breaking Dawn, Jacob finds a soulmate in Bella and Edward's baby daughter, Renesmee, ridding him of his heartache for Bella.
Setting
The story is set primarily in the town of
Forks, Washington, where Bella and her father,
Charlie Swan, live. Other cities in
Washington briefly appear in the series or are mentioned, such as
Port Angeles,
Olympia,
Seattle and
La Push. Some events in
Twilight take place in
Phoenix, Arizona, where Bella was raised.
Volterra, Italy, is featured in
New Moon, when Edward travels there to commit suicide and Bella rushes to save him.
Jacksonville, Florida, is mentioned first in
Twilight and second in
Eclipse, when Edward and Bella visit Bella's mother, who has moved there with her new husband.
Seattle, Washington, is featured in
Breaking Dawn when Jacob tries to escape his love for Bella, and when Bella tries to locate a man named J. Jenks. It is also the location of a series of murders committed by newborn vampires in
Eclipse. In
Breaking Dawn, Bella and Edward spend their honeymoon on a fictional "Isle Esme", purportedly off the coast of Brazil.
Structure and genre
The
Twilight series falls under the genre of
young adult,
fantasy, and
romance, though Meyer categorized her first book,
Twilight, as "suspense romance horror comedy".
[11] However, she states that she considers her books as "romance more than anything else".
[11] The series explores the unorthodox romance between human Bella and vampire Edward, as well as the
love triangle between Bella, Edward, and Jacob, a werewolf.
[12] The books avoid delving into provocative sex, drugs, and harsh swearing because, according to Meyer, "I don't think teens need to read about gratuitous sex."
[13]
The books are written in
first-person narrative, primarily through Bella's eyes with the epilogue of the third book and a part of the fourth book being from Jacob's
point of view. When asked about the structure of the novel, Meyer described her difficulty to pinpoint the premise of the novels to any specific category:
I have a hard time with that. Because if I say to someone, 'You know, it's about vampires,' then immediately they have this mental image of what the book is like. And it's so not like the other vampire books out there–Anne Rice's and the few that I've read. It isn't that kind of dark and dreary and blood-thirsty world. Then when you say, 'It's set in high school,' a lot of people immediately put it in another pool. It's easy to pigeonhole with different descriptions.[14]
The books are based on the vampire myth, but
Twilight vampires differ in a number of particulars from the general vampire lore. For instance,
Twilight vampires have strong piercing teeth rather than fangs; they glitter in sunlight rather than burn; and they can drink animal blood as well as human blood. Meyer comments that her vampire mythology differs from that of other authors because she wasn't informed about the canon vampires, saying,
It wasn't until I knew that Twilight would be published that I began to think about whether my vampires were too much the same or too much different from the others. Of course, I was far too invested in my characters at that point to be making changes... so I didn't cut out fangs and coffins and so forth as a way to distinguish my vampires; that's just how they came to me.[15]
Inspiration and themes
According to the author, her books are "about life, not death" and "love, not lust".
[16] Each book in the series was inspired by and loosely based on a different literary classic:
Twilight on
Jane Austen's
Pride and Prejudice,
New Moon on
Shakespeare's
Romeo and Juliet,
Eclipse on
Emily Brontë's
Wuthering Heights, and
Breaking Dawn on a second Shakespeare play,
A Midsummer Night's Dream.
[17] Meyer also states that
Orson Scott Card and
L. M. Montgomery's
Anne of Green Gables series are a big influence on her writing.
[14]
Other major themes of the series include choice and free will.
[14][18] Meyer says that the books are centered around Bella's choice to choose her life on her own, and the Cullens' choices to abstain from killing rather than follow their temptations: "I really think that's the underlying metaphor of my vampires. It doesn't matter where you're stuck in life or what you think you have to do; you can always choose something else. There's always a different path."
[18]
Meyer, a
Mormon, acknowledges that her faith has influenced her work. In particular, she says that her characters "tend to think more about where they came from, and where they are going, than might be typical."
[13] Meyer also steers her work from subjects such as sex, despite the romantic nature of the novels. Meyer says that she does not consciously intend her novels to be Mormon-influenced, or to promote the virtues of sexual abstinence and spiritual purity, but admits that her writing is shaped by her values, saying, "I don't think my books are going to be really graphic or dark, because of who I am. There's always going to be a lot of light in my stories."
[19]
Origins and publishing history
Stephenie Meyer says that the idea for
Twilight came to her in a dream on June 2, 2003. The dream was about a human girl, and a vampire who was in love with her but thirsted for her blood. Based on this dream, Meyer wrote the transcript of what is now chapter 13 of the book.
[20] Despite having very little writing experience, in a matter of three months she had transformed that dream into a completed novel.
[18] After writing and editing the novel, she signed a three-book deal with
Little, Brown and Company for $750,000, an unusually high amount for a first time author.
[21] Megan Tingley, the editor who signed Meyer, says that halfway through the reading manuscript she realized that she had a future bestseller in her hands.
[22] The book was released in 2005.
Following the success of
Twilight, Meyer expanded the story into a series with three more books:
New Moon (2006),
Eclipse (2007), and
Breaking Dawn (2008). In its first week after publication, the first sequel,
New Moon, debuted at #5 on the
New York Times Best Seller List for Children's Chapter Books, and in its second week rose to the #1 position, where it remained for the next eleven weeks. In total, it spent over 50 weeks on the list.
[23] After the release of
Eclipse, the first three "Twilight" books spent a combined 143 weeks on the
New York Times Best Seller List.
[18] The fourth installment of the
Twilight series,
Breaking Dawn, was released with an initial print run of 3.7 million copies.
[24] Over 1.3 million copies were sold on the first day alone, setting a record in first-day sales performance for the
Hachette Book Group USA.
[25] Upon the completion of the fourth entry in the series, Meyer indicated that
Breaking Dawn would be the final novel to be told from
Bella Swan's perspective.
[26] In 2008 and 2009, the four books of the series claimed the top four spots on
USA Today's year-end bestseller list, making Meyer the first author to ever achieve this feat.
[27][28] The series then won the
2009 Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Book, where it competed against the
Harry Potter series.
[4]
Other books
Meyer originally planned to write a companion book to
Twilight called
Midnight Sun, which would be the story of
Twilight told from
Edward Cullen's point-of-view. She stated that
Twilight was the only book that she planned to rewrite from Edward's perspective.
[29] However, a rough draft of
Midnight Sun's first twelve chapters was leaked on the internet. Stephenie Meyer has since put these twelve chapters on her website so that her fans could read them for free,
[30] but has put the project on hold indefinitely due to her feelings about the situation. She stated,
If I tried to write Midnight Sun now, in my current frame of mind, James would probably win and all the Cullens would die, which wouldn't dovetail too well with the original story. In any case, I feel too sad about what has happened to continue working on Midnight Sun, and so it is on hold indefinitely.[31]
Though she has no current plans to do so, Meyer has also stated that if she were to continue writing in the same universe she would write from the perspective of either
Leah Clearwater or Bella and Edward's daughter, Renesmee Cullen.
[32]
On March 16, 2010
Yen Press released
Twilight: The Graphic Novel, Vol. 1, a graphic novel by artist Young Kim based on the first book in the series.
[33] In February 2011, the graphic novel won the 2010 Gem Awards Best Manga of the Year.
[34] The sequel,
Twilight: The Graphic Novel, Vol. 2, is set for release on October 11, 2011.
[35] On March 30, 2010, Meyer revealed on her official website that she will be releasing a new novella in the series,
The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner, which tells the story of a newborn vampire who appeared in
Eclipse, on June 5, 2010.
[1] An electronic version of the book was made available free from her web site, as well as in bookstores.
[36]
On October 5, 2010,
Little, Brown and Company announced that
The Twilight Saga: The Official Illustrated Guide, a definitive encyclopedic reference for the saga including character profiles, outtakes, a conversation with Meyer, genealogical charts, maps and extensive cross-references with nearly 100 full color illustrations, was to be released on April 12, 2011, after many publication delays since 2008.
[37] It debuted at #1 on
The New York Times Best Seller list, where it stayed for three consecutive weeks,
[38][39][40] and at #4 on the
USA Today Best Seller list.
[41]
Reception, influence and controversy
Literary criticism and reception
When initially published,
Twilight garnered much critical acclaim
[42] with
Seattle Post-Intelligencer calling the book a "hot new teen novel",
[43] and
The Times lauded it for capturing "perfectly the teenage feeling of sexual tension and alienation."
[44] Other reviews described
Twilight as an "exquisite fantasy",
[45] and a "gripping blend of romance and horror".
[46]
Lev Grossman of
Time wrote that the books have a "pillowy quality distinctly reminiscent of Internet fan fiction", but still praised the series, comparing it to
The Lord of the Rings and
Harry Potter:
People do not want to just read Meyer's books; they want to climb inside them and live there...There's no literary term for the quality Twilight and Harry Potter (and The Lord of the Rings) share, but you know it when you see it: their worlds have a freestanding internal integrity that makes you feel as if you should be able to buy real estate there.[18]
An Arabic
Twilight promotional poster in a bookshop in
Dubai. By late 2009, the books had reportedly sold 100,000 copies in English across the
UAE.
[47] Entertainment Weekly hailed Meyer as "the world's most popular vampire novelist since Anne Rice".
[48] The New York Times has described
Twilight as a "literary phenomenon",
[49] and Matt Arado of
Daily Herald noted that the
Twilight books have become the "hottest publishing phenomenon since a certain bespectacled wizard cast his spell on the world."
[50]
The widespread appeal of the
Twilight novels and the huge online fan community of the series are often noted,
[51][52] and the author and the series' popularity are often compared with
J. K. Rowling and
Harry Potter.
[10][18] Describing the fan following of the books, the
Phoenix New Times wrote, "Meyer's fandom is reminiscent of
Harry Potter mania."
[22] The Daily Telegraph agreed and described
Twilight as the "spiritual successor to
Harry Potter".
[53] Rebekah Bradford of
The Post and Courier noted that the series has a "huge crossover appeal much like the
Harry Potter books before them."
[54] Meyer responds to such comparisons, saying, "It's terribly flattering to be compared to her, but there's never going to be another J. K. Rowling; that's a phenomenon that's not gonna happen again", however noting that "you can compare my fans to her fans more easily [than me to her]. I do think that we both have people who are just really really enthusiastic, and will come miles to see you and be involved, and everybody really cares about our characters."
[55] Crystal Mack of
Daily Herald noted, "While teenage girls are the main audience, young boys and adults of both genders have also been swept up in the phenomenon."
[56] According to the
Daily Telegraph, "Stephenie Meyer, in particular, has achieved incredible success across all the English-speaking nations and Europe and many will say that her
Twilight series has filled the hole left by
Harry Potter."
[57]
A store catering to tourists interested in the
Twilight series in Forks, Washington.
Economically, the town of
Forks, Washington, the setting for the
Twilight series, has improved due to
tourism from fans of the books.
[58] Forks is visited by an average of 8,000 tourists per month,
[59] and has been described as a "mecca for Twilighters".
[60] In response to plans for the aging Forks High School to be renovated,
Twilight fans have teamed up with Infinite Jewelry Co. and the West Olympic Peninsula Betterment Association to collect donations in an attempt to save the brick appearance or the building altogether.
[61]
While comparing
Stephenie Meyer to
JK Rowling,
Stephen King said, "the real difference [between
J. K. Rowling and Meyer] is that Jo Rowling is a terrific writer, and Stephenie Meyer can't write worth a darn. She's not very good."
[62][63] However, King understood the appeal of the series, adding, "People are attracted by the stories, by the pace and in the case of Stephenie Meyer, it's very clear that she's writing to a whole generation of girls and opening up kind of a safe joining of love and sex in those books. It's exciting and it's thrilling and it's not particularly threatening because it's not overtly sexual."
[63]
Laura Miller of
Salon.com wrote that "the characters, such as they are, are stripped down to a minimum, lacking the texture and idiosyncrasies of actual people", and said that "
Twilight would be a lot more persuasive as an argument that an 'amazing heart' counts for more than appearances if it didn't harp so incessantly on Edward's superficial splendors."
[64] Miller also accused the series of
sexism in its portrayal of female characters, most notably
Bella Swan's obsessive behavior relating to
Edward Cullen and the emphasis on his
romantic hero status.
[64] Meyer has dismissed such criticisms, arguing both that the books center around Bella's choice, which she perceives as the foundation of modern
feminism, and that Bella's
damsel in distress persona is due only to her humanity.
[65] Meyer also added, "Just because [Bella] doesn't do kung fu and she cooks for her father doesn't make her worthy of that criticism".
[66] In another feminist critique of the series,
Bitch magazine stated the novels' appeal were due to their being "abstinence porn", concluding that, "In reality, the abstinence message—wrapped in the genre of abstinence porn—objectifies Bella in the same ways that 'real' porn might. The
Twilight books conflate Bella losing her virginity with the loss of other things, including her sense of self and her very life. Such a high-stakes treatment of abstinence reinforces the idea that Bella is powerless, an object, a fact that is highlighted when we get to the sex scenes in
Breaking Dawn."
[67]
However, Shannon Simcox of
The Daily Collegian has dismissed the criticism surrounding Bella, commenting, "While Bella plays the perfect damsel in distress that gets herself into sticky situations, she is also very in control of herself. She chose to move to Forks and be in a new place; she constantly faces a bunch of people who want to suck the life right out of her, and she is constantly pleading to become a vampire, too, so she can take care of herself and Edward."
[68]
The prose and plotting of the series have also been criticized by Elizabeth Hand of
The Washington Post, who wrote, "Meyer's prose seldom rises above the serviceable, and the plotting is leaden."
[69] The article, featured on the
Yahoo! website Shine, also criticized the books and the author's final word on the series was, "Good books deal with themes of longing and loneliness, sexual passion and human frailty, alienation and fear just as the Twilight books do. But they do so by engaging us with complexities of feeling and subtleties of character, expressed in language that rises above banal mediocrity. Their reward is something more than just an escape into banal mediocrity. We deserve something better to get hooked on."
[70][71]
Book challenges
The
Twilight series made the number five spot on the
American Library Association's (ALA) Top Ten List of the Most Frequently Challenged Books of 2009, for being "Sexually Explicit", "Unsuited to Age Group", and having a "Religious Viewpoint".
[72]
Film adaptations
A screenplay for
Twilight was written by
Melissa Rosenberg and has been
adapted into a film by
Summit Entertainment. The film was directed by
Catherine Hardwicke, with
Kristen Stewart and
Robert Pattinson in the leading roles of
Isabella Swan and
Edward Cullen, respectively. The movie was released in the United States on November 21, 2008.
[73] Twilight: The Complete Illustrated Movie Companion, written by Mark Cotta Vaz, was released October 28.
[74]
On November 22, 2008, following the box office success of
Twilight,
Summit Entertainment confirmed a sequel, called
The Twilight Saga: New Moon, based on the second book in the series,
New Moon.
[75] The film was released on November 20, 2009.
The Twilight Saga: New Moon was released on DVD and Blu-ray on March 20, 2010 through midnight release parties.
[76] That same day, Summit Entertainment released
Twilight in Forks, a documentary about the primary setting of the
Twilight series,
Forks, Washington.
[77] Topics Entertainment released its own documentary about Forks and the
Twilight series on March 16, called
Forks: Bitten by Twilight.
[78]
The third installment in the series,
The Twilight Saga: Eclipse, was released on June 30, 2010.
[79][80]
Conventions
While the
Twilight series has been a visible presence in many conventions such as
ComicCon, there have also been many conventions whose main focus has been on the
Twilight series (books and films). Some notable conventions have been
Twicon and a series of "Official Twilight Conventions" that are being held by
Creation Entertainment.
[81]
